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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can lead to the development of organisms over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.

This is evident in many examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect types that have a preference for particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for ages. The most well-known explanation is Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. Over time, a community of well adapted individuals grows and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic traits to his or her offspring that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the generation of fertile, 에볼루션바카라사이트 viable offspring which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in balance. For example, if the dominant allele of the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will be more common in the population. However, if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self reinforcing, 에볼루션 무료체험 which means that an organism that has an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring that an organism has the more fit it is, which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and survive. People with good traits, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, so they will become the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not individual organisms. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which holds that animals acquire traits either through the use or 에볼루션 바카라사이트 absence of use. For instance, if the animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach for prey and its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles within a gene can be at different frequencies in a group through random events. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles will decrease in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity diminished to a minimum. In a small group, this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive allele. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of evolutionary process that occurs when a large amount of people migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck may happen when the survivors of a disaster like an epidemic or mass hunting event, are concentrated within a narrow area. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for 에볼루션 룰렛 the dominant allele, which means that they will all have the same phenotype and thus have the same fitness traits. This can be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. Regardless of the cause, the genetically distinct population that remains could be prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of differences in fitness. They give a famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes, and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift can be vital to the evolution of a species. However, it is not the only way to evolve. The primary alternative is a process called natural selection, in which the phenotypic diversity of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens argues there is a vast difference between treating drift like an agent or cause and considering other causes, such as selection mutation and migration as causes and forces. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us separate it from other forces and 에볼루션바카라 that this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift has both an orientation, i.e., it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a size that is determined by population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is often called "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms through the inherited characteristics which result from an organism's natural activities, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with an image of a giraffe extending its neck further to reach higher up in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced an innovative idea in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the traditional thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion living things had evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the first to make this claim however he was widely considered to be the first to offer the subject a comprehensive and general treatment.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism were competing in the 19th Century. Darwinism ultimately won, leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead, it argues that organisms develop through the action of environmental factors, like natural selection.

While Lamarck endorsed the idea of inheritance through acquired characters, and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion however, it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It has been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics there is a growing body of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired traits. This is sometimes referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more frequently epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as reliable as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle for survival. This notion is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This could be a challenge for not just other living things but also the physical surroundings themselves.

To understand how evolution functions it is important to understand what is adaptation. It is a feature that allows a living thing to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological feature, like feathers or fur or a behavior like moving to the shade during hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of an organism to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environment is essential to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. The organism must also be able to reproduce itself at an amount that is appropriate for its niche.

These elements, along with gene flow and mutations, can lead to an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers for insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade in hot temperatures. It is important to note that the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. In fact, failure to consider the consequences of a choice can render it unadaptable, despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.